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they planted those simple words the

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eagle has landed

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marked the culmination of a goal set in

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1961 it also signaled the beginning of a

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new era when for the first time man

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walked on a planet beyond his own 1969

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an eventful year in aeronautics and

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the moon was not the only planet to

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receive an earthly visitor in 1969 two

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unmanned spacecraft Mariner six and

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seven flew within 2,000 miles of Mars

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one was launched so it would fly in a

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north-south direction the other east to

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west taking pictures and recording

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scientific data as they traveled along

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here in step printed form is what

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Mariner 7 actually saw as it approached

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Mars the photographs revealed Mars to be

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different from both the earth and the

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moon while craters were observed in some

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areas one vast stretch of over 1,200

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miles appeared to have none temperatures

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at the polar cap indicated it is made up

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of solid carbon dioxide dry ice the

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Mariner scientific sensors provided

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detailed information on the Martian

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atmosphere and surface temperatures and

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paved the way for future flights to

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learn more about the mechanics of solar

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radiation two orbiting solar

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observatories Osos five and six were

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with their onboard solar experiments

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pointing toward the Sun the Osos are

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taking a close-up look at the solar

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radiations that directly affect the

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Earth's upper atmosphere appearing more

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like an insect with its two 30-foot

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antennas extended the last in a series

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of orbiting geophysical observatories

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ago six as twenty-three experiments

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operating experiments designed to be

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correlated with the solar observatories

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giving scientists even more information

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adding to and enhancing the overall

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scientific knowledge of the environment

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surrounding the earth comes from

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experiments aboard sounding rockets 350

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of these small rockets were launched

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from Wallops Island Virginia and probed

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into the atmosphere below the region in

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which satellites operate the sounding

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rocket station at Wallops also serves as

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a training ground for technicians from

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foreign countries interested in space

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exploration in meteorology another Tyros

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operational satellite was placed into

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orbit for the environmental science

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service agency the new Tyros which sends

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back pictures of the Earth's cloud cover

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makes early storm warnings and everyday

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Nimbus 3a 1360 pound experimental

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weather satellite is being utilized as a

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testbed to prove out new meteorological

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instruments temperature measurements

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made by the big weather satellite are

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helping map the weather of the Northern

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another experimental satellite launched

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was ATS five applications technology

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satellite as a result of an agreement

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signed this year between the United

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States and India NASA will launch an ATS

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in 1972 which were broadcast

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instructional television directly into

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thousands of Indian villages providing

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among other things programs on modern

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looking to the day when this country

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will want to embark on deep-space

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missions NASA has been developing a

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nuclear rocket engine for spaceflight

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applications last summer a landmark test

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was conducted at the nuclear rocket

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development station in Nevada when a

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nuclear engine was brought to full power

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for the first time this special railway

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car transports the engine to and from

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the test stand the control room is

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located underground a thousand feet from

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the stand here a nuclear reactor no

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larger than an office desk produces as

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much power as over dam this is an artist

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concept of a lifting body at nasa's

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flight research center in california

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test pilots have made more than 150

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lifting body flights the wingless craft

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are considered to be forerunners of

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ships that can fly a space mission and

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then return to earth like an airplane

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the rocket-powered HL 10 has already

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flown 1 and 1/2 times the speed of sound

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after being dropped in midair because a

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lifting body can make ground landings

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they become very attractive as low-cost

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they're called visto vertical or steep

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takeoff and landing planes aircraft that

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may one day make short-haul intercity

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transports a reality NASA's Langley and

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Ames Research Center's have been

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studying the problems that vertical

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landing planes might encounter at

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terminals where big jets are taking off

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and landing what's the best way to bring

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vertically landing planes into a

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congested Airport without interfering

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with an already busy traffic pattern

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should there be separate runways or can

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they land as the bigger Jets make their

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final approaches what type of poor

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weather instrumentation will they need

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these are some of the questions the

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problem how to make present jet engines

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quieter without compromising safety

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lowering performance or substantially

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increasing costs NASA is continuing to

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study this question one of the

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approaches was to install acoustically

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to date the results have been very

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promising engines acoustically treated

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for NASA by the McDonnell Douglas

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company have reduced noise levels during

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approach flyovers by 15 decibels this is

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about the same as removing the airplane

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three or four times farther away from

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you these studies will go on in an

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effort to make further noise reduction

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improvements there were four manned

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Apollo flights in 1969 the first of

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these was Apollo nine with astronauts

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McDivitt Scott and Schweikert

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piloting theirs was an earth orbital

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mission a mission to check out for the

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first time all the various spacecraft

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systems needed to fly round-trip to the

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moon through a series of intricate

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maneuvers they dressed rehearsed for the

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lunar flights to follow during ten days

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and 152 orbits of the earth they

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rendezvous and docked with the lunar

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landing craft checked out manual

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guidance systems fired the Landers

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rocket engines and practiced a space

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rescue between the lunar module and

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command ship Russell Schweickart spent

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about 45 minutes outside in a spacesuit

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during this exercise for the men of

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Apollo 9 a job well done the big pieces

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of lunar space gear had worked and

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worked well all was in readiness for the

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Apollo 10 its mission fly to the moon

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and simulate a lunar landing and so they

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did while astronaut John Young orbited

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alone in the command module code name

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Charlie Brown

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astronauts Stafford and Cernan flying in

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Snoopy the lunar module began making

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close passes at the moon the two space

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pilots did everything but land they

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fired the descent engines lowering them

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to fifty thousand feet above the surface

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and similarly tested out the ascent

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rocket which would send the moon landing

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Apollo 11 crew back into lunar orbit for

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the return home as they passed over the

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Sea of Tranquility at an altitude of 10

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miles closer than any human had ever

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traveled they reported back to Mission

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Control Houston that the landing site

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was smooth the stage was now set for the

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Columbia and Eagle were on their way at

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stake nearly 10 years of research

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development and fabrication some 20,000

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companies throughout the United States

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participated in the building of the

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Saturn 5 rocket and Apollo spacecraft

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which carried astronauts Armstrong

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Aldrin and Collins on their historic

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there's was a journey like no other for

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they were the first to set foot on the

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this was the site viewed by over 300

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million people around the world as the

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two men tested their moon legs and began

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setting their scientific experiments

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after 22 hours they headed for a

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rendezvous with Mike Collins and the

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trip home to earth because of the

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possibility of contamination from the

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moon the three astronauts were

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quarantined for nearly three weeks at

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the same time scientists began looking

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at their newly acquired lunar samples

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the first opportunity anyone had had to

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look at something from a different body

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in the solar system samples were given

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to 142 scientists both here and abroad

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for intensive study results will be

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released in January when the group

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gathers in Houston to go over their

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findings shortly after returning from

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the moon the crew of Apollo 11 began

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another journey that lasted 40 days at

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the request of the president they

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embarked on a goodwill mission covering

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some 46,000 miles with visits to 22

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countries from Mexico City to Brussels

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Belgard to Kinshasa Bombay to Tokyo the

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lunar trio was warmly and

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enthusiastically received by millions of

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people giving them a chance to share

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their experiences firsthand for the

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second time in one year American

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astronauts headed for the moon while

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astronaut dick Gordon orbited in the

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command module Yankee Clipper awaiting

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their return Pete Conrad and Alan bean

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flew the lunar module intrepid toward a

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touchdown in the ocean of storms a

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pinpoint landing was critical to this

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mission and all future flights with this

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in mind the two space pilots set the

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landing craft down within 600 feet of

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the unmanned surveyor 3 which had landed

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there three years before

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in addition to inspecting and removing

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pieces of the surveyor for return to

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work the pair collected about 90 pounds

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of lunar samples they also set up six

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scientific experiments which among other

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things will record moon quakes measure

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the lunar atmosphere and analyze the

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solar wind on route back from the moon

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the three astronauts witnessed and

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photographed for the first time an

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eclipse of the Sun by the earth the

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splashdown of Apollo 12 was almost as

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precise as their moon landing the Yankee

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Clipper landed three and 1/2 miles from

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the carrier Hornet Space Science

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Advanced Research Aeronautics and the

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first manned landings and exploration of

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this has been an Aeronautics and Space